They can be found throughout the tropical areas of the Saharan sub-region, especially in Central Africa. The fact that they have flesh-eating tendencies in their larval stage implicates them as a human “eater” known by their Latin name, Cordylobia anthropophaga. These worms, also known as mango worms, are the larval parasites of a species of blow-fly called the putzi fly or mango fly.

Mango worms, also known as cutaneous myiasis, result in clumps of openings on the skin, causing insomnia and immense discomfort. These openings become itchy and excruciatingly painful. Within 8 to 10 days, skin boils develop due to the presence of mango worms, increasing the risk of infection whenever the skin is broken. These worms dwell in the subcutaneous tissue, which is filled with fat, nerves, and blood vessels. Female mango worms typically lay numerous eggs on clothing left outside to dry or damp soil. In regions where these worms thrive, they can serve as an optimal host for humans. Most cases of infection are reported in individuals who have traveled to Africa. Once hatched, fully grown maggots emerge and spend 8 to 10 days penetrating the host’s skin. There may be multiple infection sites, and the affected area now resembles a small boil with tenderness upon pressure and inflamed skin. The symptoms may diminish, leading to the infected area being overlooked, but the reaction caused by the larva’s entry can be felt for the first two days. Mango worms can affect not only humans but also cats and dogs as the larvae burrow beneath their skin. Similar to numerous other blowfly species, mango worms are parasitic.

Avoidance and therapy

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Fear of Clustered Holes Trigger

Carol Mathews, a specialized psychiatrist in anxiety disorders at the University of California, San Francisco, also stated that some people experience itchiness, nausea, sweating, and a crawling sensation on the skin. Particularly, when they see specific patterns forming on the skin, such as clusters of holes caused by emerging mango worms, they feel panic and discomfort. This type of phobia, known as Trypophobia, has been the subject of many recent studies, aiming to provide detailed insights and explanations about what it really is. Interestingly, the term “Trypophobia” has not been officially adopted by the Statistical and Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, and it was first mentioned by a participant on an online forum. The phenomenon of Trypophobia has caught the attention of scientists Geoff Cole and Arnold Wilkins, who conducted thorough research on the association of certain shapes with danger and the biological revulsion reactions they elicit. The origins of phobias, including Trypophobia, have mostly been linked to evolutionary effects.

Latest Research Studies

The group of individuals who reported having Trypophobia had symptoms measured, and it was found that they experienced sensitivity and disgust with developing skin crawling and skin itching symptoms. It has been stated that Trypophobes actually develop an aversion to disease-relevant stimuli associated with the skin, which involves signs of boil-like lesions and irregular clusters of spotty shapes or holes on the human skin caused by mango worms that inhabit the living tissue of the human skin. Myiasis, which is caused by mango worms, is one of the most involved infectious diseases that presents with these irregular clusters of holes or spotty shapes on the skin. The psychologists Le and Kupfer argue that Trypophobia is actually caused by an overgeneralized response of aversion to skin-transmitted diseases and parasitism, suggesting that Trypophobia is a response of avoidance to disease. A published article titled “Trypophobia: a disgusting clusters disease avoidance response” by the researchers Wilkins Arnold and colleagues from the University of Essex confirmed this in their study, where they found that images associated with cobras, jellyfish, box-like animals, and some poisonous animals usually trigger feelings of fear, disgust, and repulsion in individuals with Trypophobia. These images typically involve patterns of spotty repetitions, protrusions, and clusters of holes. It has been discovered through most research studies conducted on Trypophobia that individuals with this condition experience great discomfort when seeing these repetitive patterns of holes, suggesting that Trypophobia is a real phenomenon.

According to the hypothesis proposed by Sasaki and Yamada in a research study published in December 2017, trypophobia occurs due to new reasons. They suggest that individuals involuntarily avoid objects that are trypophobic because they experience negative emotions when exposed to them. This is hypothesized to be because contagious skin diseases have a common visual pattern that is similar to the pattern observed in trypophobic objects.

Conducting this examination while carrying out this evaluation, proved to be one of the crucial factors, they were also requested to report any previous experiences concerning skin ailments. One being no discomfort and eleven being exceedingly discomfort, they were instructed to rate their uneasiness on the scale from one to eleven. To attain superior outcomes, the scientists have chosen the general populace rather than individuals who possess the psychological knowledge. Without being aware of the purpose of conducting it, 856 participants completed the examination (494 males and 362 females) via an online survey on Yahoo with 1000 online participants. In an attempt to elucidate the cognitive stimuli of Trypophobes, all the accomplishments achieved by other scientists were acknowledged for the first time. Based on the data acquired through an online survey on Yahoo with 1000 online participants, the outcome is.

The newly established thesis supports the claim that the feeling of disgust or fear of high levels and aversion is connected to our efforts to protect and avoid different kinds of trypophobic skin infections, which are characterized by clusters of holes shared by animal or human skin features. Patients with a history of skin problems experienced significantly higher discomfort than those who did not encounter these problems in the past. Diseases like skin infections caused by mango worms are encountered by many, but those who did not encounter such problems in the past experienced significantly higher discomfort than those who did.

Our involuntary response to certain objects, images, or patterns on human skin is likely triggered by these characteristics. The primary causes of phobias have typically been linked to specific beliefs and cognitive biases. Although there are still many unanswered questions, recent studies have demonstrated that symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder were previously attributed to panic attacks, elevated blood pressure, and heightened heart rate in individuals with trypophobia.

There are many questions to be assessed regarding the role of genetic differences and gender as influencers of anxiety disorders and other similar conditions. There is actually preliminary evidence suggesting that trypophobia exists, and these studies only provide a framework and supportive works for this fact. Scientists conducting research on these studies emphasize the fact that these are only preliminary works providing supportive evidence. Over time, different kinds of anxiety symptoms can cause the growth and persistence of disgust and fear, leading to the development of trypophobia. It is natural for some individuals to develop fear and disgust reactions over time, similar to the reactions caused by stimuli such as Dermatitis.